Inkcazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweCollagen, iGelatin, kunye neHydrolyzed Collagen Abstract

i-collagen,i-gelatinkunye i-collagen ene-hydrolyzed zizinto eziphuma kwiproteni ezinxulumene kakhulu neempawu ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo kunye neempawu zokusebenza, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekutyeni, kumayeza, kubuhle, nakwi-nutraceutical industry. Eli nqaku lithelekisa ngokucwangcisiweyo izakhiwo zazo zemolekyuli, iinkqubo zemveliso, kunye nemisebenzi ephambili, lihlalutya ukusetyenziswa kwazo ekukhuthazeni impilo, Ukuveliswa kokutya, kunye nokhathalelo lolusu, kwaye inika ulwazi lokukhetha okunengqiqo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa. Ngokucacisa iingcamango eziphosakeleyo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuqaqambisa ubungqina besayensi, lo msebenzi usebenza njengesikhokelo esibanzi kubaphandi, iingcali zoshishino, kunye nabathengi abafuna ukuqonda ezi proteni ziguquguqukayo.

1. Intshayelelo

I-Collagen yeyona protein ine-fibrous eninzi kwi-extracellular matrix yezilwanyana, i-25–30% yeprotheyini yomzimba iyonke kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ulusu, amathambo, amalungu, imisipha, kunye nezicubu ezidityanisiweyo ziqinile (Ricard-Blum, 2011). i-gelatin kwayei-collagen ene-hydrolyzed zifumaneka kwi-collagen ngokucubungula okulawulwayo, ukugcina iiprofayili eziphambili ze-amino acid (umz., i-glycine, i-proline, i-hydroxyproline) ngelixa zibonisa iipropati zomzimba nezekhemikhali eziguquliweyo. Nangona zivela kwimvelaphi efanayo, ezi zinto zintathu zahlukile kakhulu kubunzima beemolekyuli, ukunyibilika, kunye nokusebenza, okukhokelela kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo kumashishini. Ngokukhula komdla wabathengi kwizithako zendalo, iimveliso zokulwa nokwaluphala, kunye nokutya okusebenzayo, ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwe-collagen, i-gelatin, kunye ne-hydrolyzed collagen kuye kwaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa okunolwazi.

2. Iimpawu zoBume kunye neenkqubo zeMveliso

2.1 I-Collagen

• Ulwakhiwo lweMolekyuli: I-collagen yendalo inesakhiwo se-triple-helix esenziwe ziintambo ezintathu ze-polypeptide (iintambo ze-α) ezidityaniswe ngeentambo ze-hydrogen. Ikhonkco ngalinye liqulathe ulandelelwano oluphindaphindayo lwe-Gly-XY (u-X uhlala eyi-proline, u-Y yi-hydroxyproline), oluzinzisa i-helix kwaye lunegalelo kumandla okuxinana kwe-collagen (uBrodsky kunye noShah, 2016). Ubunzima be-molecular ye-collagen yendalo buqala kwi-300 kDa ukuya kwi-400 kDa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba inganyibiliki emanzini nakwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo.
• Imithombo kunye nokuKhupha: I-Collagen ikhutshwa kakhulu kwimveliso yezilwanyana ezifana nezikhumba zeenkomo, ulusu lweengulube, amaxolo eentlanzi, kunye neenyawo zenkukhu. Inkqubo yokukhupha ibandakanya ukususa amafutha, ukususa iiminerali, kunye nonyango lwe-asidi/i-alkaline ukususa iiproteni ezingezizo i-collagen, kulandele ukuna kwemvula kunye nokucoca ukuze kufunyanwe i-collagen kwimo yomgubo okanye ijeli (Li et al., 2020).

2.2 I-Gelatin

• Ulwakhiwo lweMolekyuli: I-Gelatin iveliswa yi-hydrolysis engaphelelanga ye-collagen, ephula isakhiwo se-triple-helix sibe zii-polypeptide chains ezihlanganisiweyo ezingacwangciswanga. Ubunzima bayo be-molecular buqala kwi-10 kDa ukuya kwi-100 kDa, kunye nokusasazwa okubanzi xa kuthelekiswa ne-collagen yendalo. I-Gelatin igcina ulandelelwano lwe-Gly-XY kodwa ayinayo i-triple helix ecwangcisiweyo, evumela ukuba yenze inethiwekhi ye-gel eguquguqukayo xa ipholile (Zhang et al., 2018).
• Inkqubo yeMveliso: Ukwenziwa kwegelatin kubandakanya iindlela ezimbini eziphambili: i-asidi hydrolysis (uhlobo A gelatin) kunye ne-alkaline hydrolysis (uhlobo B gelatin). I-asidi hydrolysis isetyenziselwa i-collagen evela kulusu lwengulube, ngelixa i-alkaline hydrolysis ifanelekile kwizikhumba zeenkomo namathambo. Emva kwe-hydrolysis, isisombululo siyahluzwa, sixinaniswe, size somiswe nge-spray ukuze kuveliswe umgubo wegelatin. Ubungakanani be-hydrolysis bulawulwa ukulinganisela amandla e-gelling, i-viscosity, kunye nokunyibilika (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  
  

  2.3 I-Hydrolyzed Collagen

  • Ulwakhiwo lweMolekyuliI-collagen ene-hydrolyzed (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-collagen peptides okanye i-collagen hydrolyzate) idlula kwi-enzyme okanye i-asidi hydrolysis engaphezulu i-gelatin, nto leyo ebangela iitsheyini ezincinci zepeptide ezinobunzima bemolekyuli obuyi-1 kDa ukuya kwi-10 kDa. Ezi peptide zimfutshane ziyanyibilika emanzini kuwo onke amaqondo obushushu kwaye azenzi iijeli, njengoko ubungakanani bazo bemolekyuli buncinci kakhulu ukuba zenze inethiwekhi ezinzileyo (Pei et al., 2019).
  • Inkqubo yeMveliso: I-collagen ene-hydrolyzed idla ngokuveliswa ngokunyanga i-gelatin ngee-enzymes ze-proteolytic (umz., i-trypsin, i-pepsin) okanye ii-asidi ezinamandla, kulandele ukuhluzwa kwe-ultrafiltration ukuze kwahlulwe ii-peptides ngobunzima beemolekyuli. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukufumaneka okuphezulu kwe-bioavailability, njengoko ii-peptides ezincinci zinokufunxwa ngokukhawuleza kwindlela yesisu ngaphandle kokugaya okungakumbi (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  3. Umahluko oPhambili woMsebenzi

  Ipropati	I-Collagen	I-Gelatin	I-Hydrolyzed Collagen
  Ukunyibilika	Ayinyibiliki emanzini (ubushushu begumbi)	Iyanyibilika emanzini ashushu; yenza ijeli xa ipholile	Iyanyibilika emanzini (kushushu/kubanda)
  Ubunzima beMolekyuli	300–400 kDa	10–100 kDa	1–10 kDa
  Ulwakhiwo	I-Triple helix	Ikhoyili engacwangciswanga	Iipeptides ezimfutshane (azikho iihelix)
  Ipropati yeGelling	Hayi	Ewe (ingaguqulwa kwakhona)	Hayi
  Ukufumaneka kwezinto eziphilayo	Iphantsi (ifuna ukugaywa)	Iphakathi	Ukufunxwa okuphezulu (okukhawulezayo)
  Uzinzo lobushushu	Ukukhanya okuphantsi kwiqondo lobushushu eliyi-60–70°C	Ukuncipha kobushushu kwi-30–40°C (kuyanyibilika)	Izinzile kumaqondo obushushu amaninzi

   

  4. Izicelo

  4.1 Impilo kunye neZondlo

  • I-Collagen: Ngenxa yokunyibilika kwayo okuphantsi kunye nokufumaneka kwayo kwi-bioavailability, i-collagen yendalo ayisetyenziswa rhoqo njengesongezelelo sokutya. Endaweni yoko, isetyenziswa kwizixhobo zonyango ezifana nokubotshwa kwamanxeba, ii-scaffolds zobunjineli bezicubu, kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa amayeza, kusetyenziswa ukuhambelana kwayo ne-biocompatibility kunye nenkxaso yesakhiwo (Lee et al., 2021).
  • I-Gelatin: Njengesongezelelo sesondlo, i-gelatin Ibonelela ngee-amino acids ezixhasa impilo yamathumbu, umgangatho wokulala (nge-glycine), kunye ne-metabolism yamathambo. Ikwasetyenziswa kwiifomyula zamayeza (umz., ii-capsules, ii-tablets) njenge-binder kunye ne-disintegrant (Khan et al., 2016).
  • I-Hydrolyzed Collagen: Eyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizongezo, i-hydrolyzed collagen ingqinwe ukuba ixhasa impilo yamalungu ngokunciphisa iintlungu nokuphucula ukuhambahamba (Veronese et al., 2019). Ikwaphucula ukufuma kolusu, ukuthamba, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-collagen, okwenza ukuba ibe sisithako esibalulekileyo kwizongezo zokulwa nokwaluphala. Ukongeza, isetyenziswa kwisondlo sezemidlalo ukukhuthaza ukubuyiselwa kwemisipha kunye nokunciphisa ukudumba okubangelwa kukuzilolonga (Zdzieblik et al., 2015).

   

  4.2 Ishishini Lokutya

  • I-Collagen: Isetyenziswa kwiinyama ezicutshungulwayo (umz., iisoseji, ii-hot dog) ukuphucula ubume kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi. Ikwafakwa kwiimveliso zaselwandle ukuze yomeleze ukuqina (Liu et al., 2018).
  • I-Gelatin: I-gelatin, isongezo sokutya esisebenziseka ngeendlela ezininzi, isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iijeli, iimarshmallows, iilekese zegummy, kunye neyogathi, inika iipropati zokugaya, ukuqina, kunye nokuzinzisa. Ikwasetyenziswa kwiimveliso zokubhaka ukuphucula ukuthamba kwentlama kunye nexesha lokuphelelwa kwayo (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  • I-Hydrolyzed Collagen: Yongezwa kukutya okusebenzayo okufana neeproteni bar, ii-smoothies, kunye neziselo eziqinisiweyo ngenxa yomxholo wayo ophezulu weproteni kunye nokunyibilika. Ayitshintshi incasa okanye ubunjani bokutya, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungele ukuqina (Pei et al., 2019).

  4.3 Izinto zokuthambisa kunye nokhathalelo lolusu

  • I-Collagen: Isetyenziswa kwiikhrimu, iiserum, kunye neemaski ukuphucula ukuqina kolusu kunye nokunciphisa imibimbi. Nangona kunjalo, ubukhulu bayo obukhulu beemolekyuli buthintela ukungena kwiindawo ezinzulu zolusu, ngoko ke isebenza ngokuyintloko njenge-moisturizer yomphezulu (Schmidt & Schumann, 2017).
  • I-Gelatin: Yongezwa kwiimaski zobuso kunye neengubo zomzimba ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokufumisa kunye nokwenza ifilimu. Inceda ukuvalela umswakama kwaye iphucule ukuthungwa kolusu okwethutyana (Zhang et al., 2018).
  • I-Hydrolyzed Collagen: Isithako esidumileyo kwiimveliso zokhathalelo lolusu ezilwa nokwaluphala, njengoko imixokelelwane yayo emincinci yepeptide inokungena kwi-stratum corneum kwaye ivuselele ukwenziwa kwe-collagen kwi-fibroblasts yolusu. Inciphisa imibimbi, iphucula ukuqina kolusu, kwaye iphucula ukusebenza komqobo (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  5. Ukhuseleko kunye nezinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele

  Zonke ezi proteni zintathu ngokubanzi ziqatshelwa njengezikhuselekileyo (GRAS) yi-FDA kunye ne-EFSA. Nangona kunjalo, abathengi abane-allergies kwiimveliso zezilwanyana (umz., inyama yenkomo, inyama yehagu, intlanzi) kufuneka baziphephe. ​​Kubathengi be-halal kunye ne-kosher, i-gelatin ephuma kwimithombo evumelekileyo (umz., i-fish gelatin ye-halal) iyafumaneka. Ukongeza, umgangatho weemveliso ze-collagen uxhomekeke kumthombo, indlela yokukhupha, kunye nokusasazwa kobunzima be-molecular—abathengi kufuneka bakhethe iimveliso ezivela kubavelisi abaziwayo abaneziqinisekiso zovavanyo lomntu wesithathu.

  6. Isiphelo

  I-Collagen, i-gelatin, kunye ne-hydrolyzed collagen zizinto ezahlukeneyo eziphuma kuzo ezinezakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukileyo. I-collagen yendalo igqwesile kwizicelo zesakhiwo, i-gelatin ixatyiswa ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokugaya ukutya kunye namayeza, kwaye i-collagen ene-hydrolyzed Ibalasele ngokufumaneka kwayo okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neenzuzo zempilo kwizongezo kunye nokhathalelo lolusu. Ukuqonda umahluko wazo kuvumela ukusetyenziswa okujoliswe kuko kumashishini ahlukeneyo kunye nokukhetha okunolwazi kwabathengi. Uphando lwexesha elizayo lunokugxila ekuphuhliseni ezinye iindlela ezisekelwe kwizityalo, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha, kunye nokuhlola usetyenziso olutsha kwisondlo somntu ngamnye kunye namayeza okuvuselela.