Kev Txhais thiab Kev Siv ntawm Collagen, Gelatin, thiab Hydrolyzed Collagen Abstract

collagen,gelatin, thiab collagen hydrolyzed yog cov protein derivatives uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov khoom ua haujlwm sib txawv, siv dav hauv cov khoom noj, tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab nutraceutica.l kev lag luam. Tsab xov xwm no sib piv lawv cov qauv molecular, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, thiab cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, tshuaj xyuas lawv cov ntawv thov hauv kev txhawb nqa kev noj qab haus huv, Kev Tsim Khoom Noj, thiab kev saib xyuas tawv nqaij, thiab muab kev nkag siab rau kev xaiv raws li cov xwm txheej siv tshwj xeeb. Los ntawm kev piav qhia txog kev nkag siab yuam kev thiab qhia txog cov pov thawj tshawb fawb, txoj haujlwm no ua haujlwm ua phau ntawv qhia rau cov kws tshawb fawb, cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev lag luam, thiab cov neeg siv khoom uas tab tom nrhiav kev nkag siab txog cov protein no.

1. Kev Taw Qhia

Collagen yog cov protein fibrous uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov extracellular matrix ntawm cov tsiaj, suav txog 25-30% ntawm tag nrho cov protein hauv lub cev hauv cov tsiaj txhu. Nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm kev ncaj ncees ntawm daim tawv nqaij, pob txha, pob qij txha, cov leeg, thiab cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas (Ricard-Blum, 2011). gelatin thiabcollagen hydrolyzed yog los ntawm collagen los ntawm kev tswj hwm kev ua tiav, khaws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acid (piv txwv li, glycine, proline, hydroxyproline) thaum ua kom pom cov khoom siv lub cev thiab tshuaj hloov pauv. Txawm hais tias lawv keeb kwm sib koom, peb yam tshuaj no sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav molecular, solubility, thiab kev ua haujlwm, ua rau muaj ntau yam kev siv thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam. Nrog rau kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom rau cov khoom xyaw ntuj, cov khoom tiv thaiv kev laus, thiab cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig, kev nkag siab txog qhov sib txawv ntawm collagen, gelatin, thiab hydrolyzed collagen tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoom thiab kev noj zaub mov kom paub.

2. Cov Yam Ntxwv ntawm Cov Qauv thiab Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom

2.1 Collagen

• Cov Qauv MolecularCov collagen ib txwm muaj cov qauv triple-helix uas tsim los ntawm peb txoj saw polypeptide (α-chains) sib txuas los ntawm cov hydrogen bonds. Txhua txoj saw muaj cov kab ke Gly-XY rov ua dua (X feem ntau yog proline, Y yog hydroxyproline), uas ua rau lub helix ruaj khov thiab pab txhawb rau lub zog tensile ntawm collagen (Brodsky & Shah, 2016). Qhov hnyav molecular ntawm cov collagen ib txwm muaj txij li 300 kDa txog 400 kDa, ua rau nws tsis yaj hauv dej thiab feem ntau cov kuab tshuaj organic.
• Cov Chaw thiab Kev Rho TawmCollagen feem ntau yog rho tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm tsiaj xws li tawv nyuj, tawv npua, nplai ntses, thiab taw qaib. Cov txheej txheem rho tawm suav nrog kev tshem cov roj, tshem cov minerals, thiab kev kho acid/alkaline kom tshem tawm cov protein uas tsis yog collagenous, ua raws li kev ua kom qhuav thiab kev ntxuav kom tau txais collagen hauv hmoov lossis gel daim ntawv (Li et al., 2020).

2.2 Gelatin

• Cov Qauv MolecularGelatin yog tsim los ntawm kev hydrolysis ib nrab ntawm collagen, uas rhuav cov qauv triple-helix rau hauv cov saw polypeptide random-coiled. Nws qhov hnyav molecular yog txij li 10 kDa txog 100 kDa, nrog rau kev faib tawm dav dua piv rau cov collagen ib txwm muaj. Gelatin khaws cov kab ke Gly-XY tab sis tsis muaj qhov kev txiav txim triple helix, ua rau nws tsim tau lub network gel thermoreversible thaum txias (Zhang et al., 2018).
• Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim KhoomKev tsim cov gelatin muaj ob txoj kev tseem ceeb: acid hydrolysis (hom A gelatin) thiab alkaline hydrolysis (hom B gelatin). Acid hydrolysis siv rau collagen los ntawm daim tawv nqaij npua, thaum alkaline hydrolysis siv rau cov tawv nyuj thiab pob txha. Tom qab hydrolysis, cov tshuaj raug lim, ua kom sib xyaw, thiab tsuag kom qhuav kom tsim tau cov hmoov gelatin. Qib ntawm hydrolysis raug tswj kom sib npaug gelling zog, viscosity, thiab solubility (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  
  

  2.3 Collagen uas tau hydrolyzed

  • Cov Qauv Molecular: Hydrolyzed collagen (tseem hu ua collagen peptides lossis collagen hydrolysate) dhau los ntawm enzymatic lossis acid hydrolysis ntxiv ntawm gelatin, ua rau muaj cov saw peptide me me nrog qhov hnyav molecular ntawm 1 kDa txog 10 kDa. Cov peptide luv luv no yaj tau hauv dej ntawm txhua qhov kub thiab tsis tsim cov gels, vim tias lawv qhov loj me molecular me dhau los tsim lub network ruaj khov (Pei et al., 2019).
  • Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom: Collagen hydrolyzed feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev kho gelatin nrog cov enzymes proteolytic (piv txwv li, trypsin, pepsin) lossis cov kua qaub muaj zog, ua raws li ultrafiltration los cais cov peptides los ntawm qhov hnyav molecular. Cov txheej txheem ua kom muaj bioavailability siab, vim tias cov peptides me me tuaj yeem nqus tau sai hauv txoj hnyuv plab yam tsis muaj kev zom ntxiv (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  3. Cov Kev Txawv Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm

  Vaj tse	Collagen	Gelatin	Collagen uas tau hydrolyzed
  Kev yaj tau	Insoluble hauv dej (chav tsev kub)	Yaj hauv dej kub; tsim cov gel thaum txias	Yaj hauv dej (kub / txias)
  Qhov Hnyav Molecular	300–400 kDa	10–100 kDa	1–10 kDa
  Qauv	Peb lub helix	kauj ruam random	Cov peptides luv luv (tsis muaj helix)
  Gelling Property	Tsis yog	Yog (thermoversible)	Tsis yog
  Kev siv tau ntawm lub cev	Qis (yuav tsum tau zom zaub mov)	Nruab nrab	Siab (nqus tau sai)
  Kev Ruaj Ntseg Thermal	Kev puas tsuaj ntawm 60–70 ° C	Denatures ntawm 30-40 ° C (yaj)	Ruaj khov ntawm feem ntau qhov kub thiab txias

   

  4. Cov ntawv thov

  4.1 Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Haus Zoo

  • CollagenVim nws cov solubility tsawg thiab bioavailability, cov collagen hauv zos tsis tshua siv los ua cov khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv. Hloov chaw, nws yog siv rau hauv cov khoom siv kho mob xws li cov ntaub qhwv qhov txhab, cov ntaub so ntswg engineering scaffolds, thiab cov kab ke xa tshuaj, siv nws cov biocompatibility thiab kev txhawb nqa cov qauv (Lee et al., 2021).
  • GelatinUa ib qho khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv, gelatin muab cov amino acids uas txhawb nqa kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txoj hnyuv, kev pw tsaug zog zoo (los ntawm glycine), thiab kev ua kom cov pob txha metabolism. Nws kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov tshuaj formulations (piv txwv li, capsules, tablets) ua tus binder thiab disintegrant (Khan et al., 2016).
  • Collagen uas tau hydrolyzed: Hom tshuaj siv dav tshaj plaws hauv cov tshuaj ntxiv, hydrolyzed collagen tau ua pov thawj tias txhawb nqa kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov pob qij txha los ntawm kev txo qhov mob thiab txhim kho kev txav mus los (Veronese et al., 2019). Nws kuj tseem ua rau daim tawv nqaij noo, elasticity, thiab collagen synthesis, ua rau nws yog ib qho khoom xyaw tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog siv rau hauv kev noj haus kis las los txhawb kev rov zoo ntawm cov leeg thiab txo qhov mob los ntawm kev tawm dag zog (Zdzieblik et al., 2015).

   

  4.2 Kev Lag Luam Khoom Noj

  • CollagenSiv rau hauv cov nqaij ua tiav (piv txwv li, sausages, hot dogs) los txhim kho cov qauv thiab khaws dej. Nws kuj tseem ntxiv rau cov khoom noj hiav txwv kom txhim kho kev ruaj khov (Liu et al., 2018).
  • Gelatingelatin yog ib yam khoom noj uas siv tau ntau yam, nws yog siv los ua cov jellies, marshmallows, gummy candies, thiab yogurt, uas ua rau gelling, thickening, thiab stabilizing. Nws kuj siv rau hauv cov khoom ci kom txhim kho cov khob noom cookie elasticity thiab lub txee lub neej (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  • Collagen uas tau hydrolyzedNtxiv rau cov khoom noj uas ua haujlwm tau zoo xws li cov protein bars, smoothies, thiab cov dej haus uas muaj cov tshuaj vitamin vim nws muaj cov protein ntau thiab yaj tau yooj yim. Nws tsis hloov qhov saj lossis cov qauv ntawm cov khoom noj, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau kev ntxiv cov tshuaj vitamin (Pei et al., 2019).

  4.3 Cov Tshuaj Pleev Xim thiab Kev Saib Xyuas Tawv Nqaij

  • CollagenSiv rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev, cov tshuaj serum, thiab cov ntaub npog ntsej muag kom tawv nqaij khov kho thiab txo cov pob khaus. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov molecule loj txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau hauv cov txheej tawv nqaij tob dua, yog li nws feem ntau ua haujlwm ua cov tshuaj moisturizer saum npoo av (Schmidt & Schumann, 2017).
  • GelatinNtxiv rau cov ntaub npog ntsej muag thiab cov ntaub qhwv lub cev rau nws cov khoom ua kom noo thiab ua zaj duab xis. Nws pab kaw cov dej noo thiab txhim kho cov qauv tawv nqaij ib ntus (Zhang et al., 2018).
  • Collagen uas tau hydrolyzedIb yam khoom xyaw nrov hauv cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev laus, vim nws cov saw peptide me me tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv stratum corneum thiab txhawb kev tsim cov collagen hauv cov tawv nqaij fibroblasts. Nws txo cov wrinkles, txhim kho kev ywj pheej ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntsej muag (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  5. Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Xav Txog

  Tag nrho peb cov protein no feem ntau lees paub tias muaj kev nyab xeeb (GRAS) los ntawm FDA thiab EFSA. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg siv khoom uas ua xua rau cov khoom tsiaj (piv txwv li, nqaij nyuj, nqaij npuas, ntses) yuav tsum zam lawv. Rau cov neeg siv khoom halal thiab kosher, gelatin uas tau los ntawm cov chaw tso cai (piv txwv li, ntses gelatin rau halal) muaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom collagen nyob ntawm qhov chaw, txoj kev rho tawm, thiab kev faib tawm qhov hnyav molecular - cov neeg siv khoom yuav tsum xaiv cov khoom los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom muaj npe nrov nrog cov ntawv pov thawj kuaj thib peb.

  6. Xaus lus

  Collagen, gelatin, thiab hydrolyzed collagen yog cov khoom sib txawv uas muaj cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Cov collagen hauv paus zoo heev hauv kev siv cov qauv, gelatin muaj nqis rau nws cov khoom gelling hauv cov khoom noj thiab tshuaj, thiab collagen hydrolyzed Nws sawv tawm rau nws qhov bioavailability siab thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv hauv cov tshuaj ntxiv thiab kev saib xyuas tawv nqaij. Kev nkag siab txog lawv qhov sib txawv tso cai rau kev siv lub hom phiaj hauv ntau yam lag luam thiab kev xaiv cov neeg siv khoom paub. Kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsom mus rau kev tsim cov tshuaj ntsuab hloov pauv, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev rho tawm, thiab tshawb nrhiav cov ntawv thov tshiab hauv kev noj zaub mov tus kheej thiab kev kho mob rov qab.