Incazelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-Collagen, i-Gelatin, kanye ne-Hydrolyzed Collagen Abstract

i-collagen,i-gelatin, futhi i-collagen e-hydrolyzed yizinto ezisuselwa kumaprotheni ezihlobene eduze ezinezici ezihlukile zesakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo zokusebenza, ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ekudleni, kwezemithi, kwezobuhle, kanye nase-nutraceuticaizimboni. Lesi sihloko siqhathanisa ngokuhlelekile izakhiwo zazo zama-molecule, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, kanye nemisebenzi ebalulekile, sihlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwazo ekukhuthazeni impilo, Ukukhiqizwa Kokudla, kanye nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba, futhi inikeza ukuqonda kokukhetha okunengqondo okusekelwe ezimweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa. Ngokucacisa imibono eyiphutha evamile nokugqamisa ubufakazi besayensi, lo msebenzi usebenza njengomhlahlandlela ophelele kubacwaningi, ochwepheshe bemboni, kanye nabathengi abafuna ukuqonda la maprotheni anemisebenzi eminingi.

1. Isingeniso

I-Collagen iyiprotheni ene-fibrous eningi kakhulu ku-extracellular matrix yezilwane, ebalelwa ku-25-30% weprotheni iyonke yomzimba ezincelisayo. Idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho besakhiwo sesikhumba, amathambo, amalunga, imisipha, kanye nezicubu ezixhumeneyo (Ricard-Blum, 2011). i-gelatin futhii-collagen e-hydrolyzed zitholakala ku-collagen ngokucubungula okulawulwayo, zigcina amaphrofayili abalulekile e-amino acid (isb., i-glycine, i-proline, i-hydroxyproline) ngenkathi zibonisa izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali eziguquliwe. Naphezu kwemvelaphi yazo efanayo, lezi zinto ezintathu zihluka kakhulu ngesisindo sama-molecule, ukuncibilika, kanye nokusebenza, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kuzo zonke izimboni. Njengoba isithakazelo sabathengi sikhula ezithakweni zemvelo, imikhiqizo yokulwa nokuguga, kanye nokudla okusebenzayo, ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwe-collagen, i-gelatin, kanye ne-hydrolyzed collagen kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komkhiqizo kanye nokusetshenziswa okunolwazi.

2. Izici Zesakhiwo Nezinqubo Zokukhiqiza

2.1 I-Collagen

• Isakhiwo sama-molecular: I-collagen yemvelo yakhiwe ngesakhiwo se-triple-helix esakhiwe ngamaketanga amathathu e-polypeptide (amaketanga e-α) ahlanganiswe ngezibopho ze-hydrogen. Iketanga ngalinye liqukethe ukulandelana kwe-Gly-XY okuphindaphindayo (u-X uvame ukuba yi-proline, u-Y uyi-hydroxyproline), okuqinisa i-helix futhi kufake isandla emandleni okudonsa e-collagen (uBrodsky no-Shah, 2016). Isisindo sama-molecule se-collagen yemvelo sisukela ku-300 kDa kuya ku-400 kDa, okwenza ingancibiliki emanzini nasezithambisweni eziningi zezinto eziphilayo.
• Imithombo kanye Nokukhipha: I-Collagen ikhishwa kakhulu emikhiqizweni yezilwane efana nezikhumba zezinkomo, isikhumba sezingulube, amaxolo ezinhlanzi, kanye nezinyawo zenkukhu. Inqubo yokukhipha ihilela ukususa amafutha, ukususa amaminerali, kanye nokwelashwa nge-asidi/i-alkaline ukuze kususwe amaprotheni angenayo i-collagen, kulandelwe ukuna kwemvula kanye nokuhlanzwa ukuze kutholakale i-collagen ngendlela yempuphu noma yejeli (Li et al., 2020).

2.2 I-Gelatin

• Isakhiwo sama-molecular: I-Gelatin ikhiqizwa yi-hydrolysis engaphelele ye-collagen, ephula isakhiwo se-triple-helix sibe yizintambo ze-polypeptide ezihlanganisiwe ngokungahleliwe. Isisindo sayo sama-molecule sisukela ku-10 kDa kuya ku-100 kDa, ngokusatshalaliswa okubanzi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-collagen yemvelo. I-Gelatin igcina ukulandelana kwe-Gly-XY kodwa ayinayo i-triple helix ehlelekile, okwenza ukuthi yakhe inethiwekhi yejeli eguquguqukayo lapho ipholile (Zhang et al., 2018).
• Inqubo Yokukhiqiza: Ukukhiqizwa kwe-gelatin kuhilela izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-asidi hydrolysis (uhlobo A gelatin) kanye ne-alkaline hydrolysis (uhlobo B gelatin). I-asidi hydrolysis isetshenziselwa i-collagen evela esikhumbeni sengulube, kuyilapho i-alkaline hydrolysis ifanelekela izikhumba namathambo ezinkomo. Ngemva kwe-hydrolysis, isixazululo siyahlungwa, sigxilwe, bese somiswa nge-spray ukuze kukhiqizwe impuphu ye-gelatin. Izinga le-hydrolysis lilawulwa ukulinganisela amandla e-gelling, i-viscosity, kanye nokuncibilika (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  
  

  2.3 I-Hydrolyzed Collagen

  • Isakhiwo sama-molecularI-collagen ene-hydrolyzed (ebizwa nangokuthi ama-collagen peptides noma i-collagen hydrolyzate) idlula ku-enzyme noma i-acid hydrolysis eyengeziwe ye- i-gelatin, okuholela ezintanjeni ezincane ze-peptide ezinesisindo sama-molecule esingu-1 kDa kuya ku-10 kDa. Lawa ma-peptide amafushane ayancibilika emanzini kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa futhi awakhi ama-gel, njengoba usayizi wawo wama-molecule uncane kakhulu ukwakha inethiwekhi ezinzile (Pei et al., 2019).
  • Inqubo Yokukhiqiza: I-collagen e-hydrolyzed ngokuvamile kukhiqizwa ngokwelapha i-gelatin ngama-enzyme e-proteolytic (isb., i-trypsin, i-pepsin) noma ama-asidi aqinile, kulandelwe yi-ultrafiltration ukuze kuhlukaniswe ama-peptide ngesisindo sama-molecule. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukutholakala okuphezulu kwe-bioavailability, njengoba ama-peptide amancane angamuncwa ngokushesha endleleni yokugaya ukudla ngaphandle kokugaya okwengeziwe (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  3. Umehluko Obalulekile Wokusebenza

  Impahla	I-Collagen	I-Gelatin	I-Hydrolyzed Collagen
  Ukuncibilika	Ayincibiliki emanzini (izinga lokushisa legumbi)	Incibilika emanzini ashisayo; yenza ijeli uma ipholile	Incibilika emanzini (ashisayo/abandayo)
  Isisindo sama-molecule	300–400 kDa	10–100 kDa	1–10 kDa
  Isakhiwo	I-Triple Helix	Ikhoyili engahleliwe	Ama-peptide amafushane (awekho ama-helix)
  Impahla ye-Gelling	Cha	Yebo (kungaguqulwa futhi)	Cha
  Ukutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo	Kuphansi (kudinga ukugaya ukudla)	Okumaphakathi	Ukumuncwa okuphezulu (okusheshayo)
  Ukuzinza Kokushisa	Ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa ku-60–70°C	Ukwehla kokushisa ku-30–40°C (kuyancibilika)	Izinzile emazingeni okushisa amaningi

   

  4. Izicelo

  4.1 Impilo kanye Nezakhamzimba

  • I-Collagen: Ngenxa yokuncibilika kwayo okuphansi kanye nokutholakala kwayo emzimbeni, i-collagen yemvelo ayivamile ukusetshenziswa njengesengezo sokudla. Esikhundleni salokho, isetshenziswa kumadivayisi ezokwelapha afana nokubopha amanxeba, izisekelo zobunjiniyela bezicubu, kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwemithi, kusetshenziswa ukuhambisana kwayo emzimbeni kanye nokusekelwa kwesakhiwo (Lee et al., 2021).
  • I-Gelatin: Njengesengezo sokudla okunempilo, i-gelatin ihlinzeka ngama-amino acid asekela impilo yamathumbu, ikhwalithi yokulala (nge-glycine), kanye nokuguqulwa kwamathambo. Iphinde isetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwemithi (isb., ama-capsule, amaphilisi) njenge-binder kanye ne-disintegrant (Khan et al., 2016).
  • I-Hydrolyzed Collagen: Indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ezithasiseleni, i-hydrolyzed collagen ifakazelwe ukuthi isekela impilo yamalunga ngokunciphisa ubuhlungu nokuthuthukisa ukuhamba (Veronese et al., 2019). Iphinde ithuthukise umswakama wesikhumba, ukunwebeka, kanye nokwakheka kwe-collagen, okwenza kube yisithako esibalulekile ezithasiseleni zokulwa nokuguga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa ekudleni kwezemidlalo ukukhuthaza ukululama kwemisipha nokunciphisa ukuvuvukala okubangelwa ukuvivinya umzimba (Zdzieblik et al., 2015).

   

  4.2 Imboni Yokudla

  • I-Collagen: Isetshenziswa enyameni ecutshunguliwe (isb., amasoseji, ama-hot dog) ukuthuthukisa ukuthungwa nokugcinwa kwamanzi. Iphinde yengezwe emikhiqizweni yokudla kwasolwandle ukuze kuqiniswe ukuqina (Liu et al., 2018).
  • I-Gelatin: I-gelatin, eyisithako sokudla esisebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi, isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-jelly, ama-marshmallow, amaswidi e-gummy, kanye ne-yogurt, ihlinzeka ngezakhiwo zokugaya, ukuqina, kanye nokuzinza. Iphinde isetshenziswe emikhiqizweni yokubhaka ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kwenhlama kanye nokuphila kwayo eshalofini (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  • I-Hydrolyzed Collagen: Kungezwe ekudleni okusebenzayo njenge-protein bar, ama-smoothie, kanye neziphuzo eziqinisiwe ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwamaprotheni kanye nokuncibilika. Akushintshi ukunambitheka noma ukuthungwa kokudla, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ekuqiniseni (Pei et al., 2019).

  4.3 Izimonyo Nokunakekelwa Kwesikhumba

  • I-Collagen: Isetshenziswa kuma-creams, ama-serum, kanye nama-masks ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kwesikhumba nokunciphisa imibimbi. Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu bayo obukhulu bama-molecule bukhawulela ukungena ezingqimbeni ezijulile zesikhumba, ngakho-ke isebenza ngokuyinhloko njenge-moisturizer ebusweni (Schmidt & Schumann, 2017).
  • I-Gelatin: Ifakwe kuma-facial mask kanye nama-body wraps ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokumanzisa nokwakha ifilimu. Iyasiza ekuvaleleni umswakama futhi ithuthukise ukuthungwa kwesikhumba okwesikhashana (Zhang et al., 2018).
  • I-Hydrolyzed Collagen: Isithako esidumile emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba elwa nokuguga, njengoba amaketanga ayo amancane e-peptide angangena ku-stratum corneum futhi akhuthaze ukwakheka kwe-collagen kuma-fibroblast esikhumba. Inciphisa imibimbi, ithuthukise ukuqina kwesikhumba, futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwesithiyo (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  5. Ukuphepha Nokucatshangelwa

  Wonke amaprotheni amathathu ngokuvamile aqashelwa njengaphephile (i-GRAS) yi-FDA kanye ne-EFSA. Kodwa-ke, abathengi abane-allergies emikhiqizweni yezilwane (isb. inyama yenkomo, ingulube, inhlanzi) kufanele bayigweme. Kubathengi be-halal kanye ne-kosher, i-gelatin etholakala emithonjeni evunyelwe (isb., i-fish gelatin ye-halal) iyatholakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ye-collagen incike emthonjeni, indlela yokukhipha, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwesisindo sama-molecule—abathengi kufanele bakhethe imikhiqizo evela kubakhiqizi abadumile abanezitifiketi zokuhlola ezivela eceleni.

  6. Isiphetho

  I-Collagen, i-gelatin, kanye ne-hydrolyzed collagen kuyizinto ezihlukile ezinezici kanye nemisebenzi ehlukile. I-collagen yemvelo ihamba phambili ekusetshenzisweni kwesakhiwo, i-gelatin iyaziswa ngezakhiwo zayo zokugaya ukudla kanye nemithi, kanye i-collagen e-hydrolyzed Ivelele ngokutholakala kwayo okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinzuzo zezempilo ezithasiseleni nasekunakekelweni kwesikhumba. Ukuqonda umehluko wazo kuvumela ukusetshenziswa okuqondiwe ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene kanye nokukhetha kwabathengi okunolwazi. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungagxila ekuthuthukiseni ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ezitshalweni, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha, kanye nokuhlola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ekudleni okuqondene nomuntu siqu kanye nemithi yokuvuselela.