Te Whakamāramatanga me te Whakamahinga o te Korara, te Hārata, me te Whakarāpopototanga o te Korara kua Whakamakukuhia

koratini,te tiakarete, me koramine waikura he hononga tata ki ngā pūmua e pā ana ki a rātou, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga hanganga me ngā āhuatanga mahi, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te kai, te rongoā, te whakapaipai, me te nutraceutica.ngā ahumahi l. Ka whakatauritehia e tēnei tuhinga ō rātou hanganga ngota, ngā tukanga whakaputa, me ngā mahi matua, ka tātarihia ō rātou tono i roto i te whakatairanga hauora, Te Hanga Kai, me te tiaki kiri, ā, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga mō te kōwhiringa whaitake i runga i ngā whakamahinga motuhake. Mā te whakamārama i ngā whakaaro hē noa me te whakaatu i ngā taunakitanga pūtaiao, ka noho tēnei mahi hei aratohu whānui mō ngā kairangahau, ngā tohunga ahumahi, me ngā kaihoko e rapu ana ki te mārama ki ēnei pūmua maha-whakamahinga.

1. Kupu Whakataki

Ko te korākena te pūmua muka tino nui i roto i te tinana o waho o ngā kararehe, e 25–30% o te pūmua tinana katoa o ngā kararehe whakangote. He mahi nui tāna ki te pupuri i te hanganga o te kiri, ngā wheua, ngā hononga, ngā uaua, me ngā kiko honohono (Ricard-Blum, 2011). te tiakarete mekoramine waikura i ahu mai i te collagen mā te tukatuka whakahaere, e pupuri ana i ngā kōtaha waikawa amino matua (hei tauira, te glycine, te proline, te hydroxyproline) me te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū kua whakarerekētia. Ahakoa te takenga mai ōrite, he rerekē rawa te taumaha ngota, te wairewa, me te mahi a ēnei matū e toru, ā, ka puta he momo tono puta noa i ngā ahumahi. I te tipu haere o te hiahia o ngā kaihoko ki ngā kai taiao, ngā hua ārai-pakeke, me ngā kai mahi, kua piki haere te hiranga o te mārama ki ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te collagen, te gelatin, me te collagen hydrolyzed mō te whakawhanaketanga hua me te kai whai whakaaro.

2. Ngā Āhuatanga Hanganga me ngā Tukanga Whakaputa

2.1 Korākena

• Hanganga NgotaKo te koraine taketake he hanganga toru-helix i hangaia e ngā mekameka polypeptide e toru (mekameka-α) e honoa ana mā roto i ngā here hauwai. Kei roto i ia mekameka ngā raupapa Gly-XY e tāruarua ana (ko te X he proline, ko te Y he hydroxyproline), e whakau ana i te helix me te whai wāhi ki te kaha kume o te koraine (Brodsky & Shah, 2016). Ko te taumaha ngota o te koraine taketake mai i te 300 kDa ki te 400 kDa, e kore ai e wairewa i roto i te wai me te nuinga o ngā whakarewa waro.
• Ngā Pūtake me te TangohangaKo te nuinga o te wā ka tangohia te korākena mai i ngā hua taha kararehe pērā i te hiako kau, te kiri poaka, te unahi ika, me ngā waewae heihei. Ko te tukanga tango ko te tango hinu, te tango i ngā kohuke, me te maimoatanga waikawa/kawakore hei tango i ngā pūmua kore-korākena, ā, muri iho ka whakatōngia me te purenga hei whiwhi i te korākena i roto i te paura, i te āhua tiēre rānei (Li et al., 2020).

2.2 Te tiakarete

• Hanganga NgotaKa puta te tiatini mā te wairākau wāhanga o te koratene, e wahia ai te hanganga toru-helix ki ngā mekameka polypeptide takai-matapōkere. Ko tōna taumaha ngota kei waenga i te 10 kDa ki te 100 kDa, me te tohatoha whānui atu i te koratene taketake. Ka mau tonu te tiatini i te raupapa Gly-XY engari kāore i te rite te toru-helix kua whakaritea, ka taea ai e ia te hanga i tētahi whatunga tiatini ka taea te huri i te wera ina whakamatao (Zhang et al., 2018).
• Tukanga WhakaputaE rua ngā tikanga matua mō te hanga i te gelatin: te waikura waikawa (momo gelatin A) me te waikura kawakore (momo gelatin B). Ka whakamahia te waikura waikawa mō te collagen mai i te kiri poaka, ko te waikura kawakore ia he pai mō ngā hiako me ngā wheua kau. I muri i te waikura, ka tātarihia te otinga, ka whakakīkīhia, ka whakamarokehia ki te rehu hei hanga paura gelatin. Ka whakahaerehia te nui o te waikura hei whakataurite i te kaha o te whakapūkara, te matotoru, me te wairewa (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  
  

  2.3 Korāna kua whakapūkaratia

  • Hanganga NgotaKo te collagen kua whakapūkaratia (e kiia ana ko ngā peptide collagen, ko te collagen hydrolysate rānei) ka pāngia e te whakapūkara whākōkī, waikawa rānei o te tiakarete, ka hua ake he mekameka peptide iti ake me te taumaha ngota o te 1 kDa ki te 10 kDa. Ka wairewa ēnei peptide poto ki te wai i ngā pāmahana katoa, ā, kāore e hanga he kirikiri, nā te mea he iti rawa te rahi o te ngota hei hanga i tētahi whatunga pumau (Pei et al., 2019).
  • Tukanga Whakaputa: Koratini waikura Ko te tikanga ka puta mā te rongoā i te gelatin ki ngā whākōkī proteolytic (hei tauira, te trypsin, te pepsin) me ngā waikawa kaha rānei, ā, muri iho ka tātaritanga nui hei wehewehe i ngā peptide mā te taumaha ngota. Mā te tukanga ka nui te bioavailability, nā te mea ka taea te mimiti tere i ngā peptide iti ki roto i te ara kai me te kore e nakunaku anō (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  3. Ngā Rerekētanga Mahi Matua

  Taonga	Korakena	Te tiakarete	Korāna kua whakapūkaratia
  Te wairewatanga	Kāore e rewa i te wai (mahana rūma)	Ka wairewa i te wai wera; ka hanga he kirikiri ina whakamatao	Ka wairewa i roto i te wai (wera/mātao)
  Taumaha ngota	300–400 kDa	10–100 kDa	1–10 kDa
  Hanganga	Herikō toru	Koiri matapōkere	Ngā peptide poto (kāore he helix)
  Te Whakapūmau i te Taonga	Kāore	Āe (ka taea te huri i te pāmahana)	Kāore
  Te wātea o te koiora	Iti (me nakunaku)	Waenga	Teitei (te mimiti tere)
  Te Pūmautanga o te Wera	Ka rerekē ngā āhua i te 60–70°C	Ka memeha haere i te 30–40°C (ka rewa)	Pūmau i te nuinga o ngā pāmahana

   

  4. Ngā tono

  4.1 Hauora me ngā Matūkai

  • KorakenaNā te iti o te wairewatanga me te wātea mai o te koiora, kāore i te maha te whakamahinga o te collagen taketake hei tāpiringa kai. Engari, ka whakamahia i roto i ngā taputapu hauora pēnei i ngā takai patunga, ngā tūāpapa hangarau kiko, me ngā pūnaha tuku rongoā, me te whakamahi i tōna hototahitanga koiora me te tautoko hanganga (Lee et al., 2021).
  • Te tiakareteHei tāpiringa kai, te tiakarete e whakarato ana i ngā waikawa amino e tautoko ana i te hauora o te puku, te kounga o te moe (mā te glycine), me te pākia o te wheua. E whakamahia ana hoki i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga rongoā (hei tauira, ngā kāpūru, ngā papa) hei here me te wawahi (Khan et al., 2016).
  • Korāna kua whakapūkaratiaKo te momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tāpiringa, ko te collagen hydrolyzed, kua whakamātauhia hei tautoko i te hauora o ngā hononga mā te whakaiti i te mamae me te whakapai ake i te nekenekehanga (Veronese et al., 2019). Ka whakarei ake hoki i te makuku o te kiri, te ngāwari, me te hanganga collagen, ka waiho hei wāhanga matua i roto i ngā tāpiringa ārai-pakeketanga. Hei tāpiri, ka whakamahia i roto i te kai hākinakina hei whakatairanga i te whakaora uaua me te whakaiti i te mumura i puta mai i te whakakori tinana (Zdzieblik et al., 2015).

   

  4.2 Te Ahumahi Kai

  • KorakenaWhakamahia i roto i ngā mīti tukatuka (hei tauira, ngā hōtiti, ngā hōtiti wera) hei whakapai ake i te kakano me te pupuri wai. Ka tāpirihia hoki ki ngā hua kai moana hei whakapakari i te mārō (Liu et al., 2018).
  • Te tiakareteHe tāpiringa kai maha ngā whakamahinga, ka whakamahia te gelatin hei hanga tiēre, māshmallow, monamona kapia, me te miraka kawa, hei whakapūmau, hei whakamātotoru, hei whakapūmau hoki. Ka whakamahia hoki i roto i ngā hua tunu kai hei whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te paraoa pokepoke me te roa o te wā e mau ai (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  • Korāna kua whakapūkaratiaKua tāpirihia ki ngā kai mahi pēnei i ngā pae pūmua, ngā inu whakangawari, me ngā inu whakakaha nā te mea he nui te nui o te pūmua me tōna wairewatanga. Kāore e whakarerekē i te reka, i te kakano rānei o ngā kai, he mea tino pai mō te whakakaha (Pei et al., 2019).

  4.3 Ngā Mea Whakapaipai me te Tiaki Kiri

  • KorakenaWhakamahia i roto i ngā kirīmi, ngā serum, me ngā kopare hei whakapai ake i te mārō o te kiri me te whakaiti i ngā kita. Heoi, nā te nui o te rahi o te ngota ira ka aukati i te urunga ki roto i ngā paparanga hohonu o te kiri, nō reira ko tana mahi matua he whakamakuku mata (Schmidt & Schumann, 2017).
  • Te tiakareteI tāpirihia ki ngā kopare kanohi me ngā takai tinana nā te mea he āhuatanga whakamakuku me te hanga kiriata. Ka āwhina i te pupuri i te makuku me te whakapai ake i te kakano o te kiri mō te wā poto (Zhang et al., 2018).
  • Korāna kua whakapūkaratiaHe wāhanga rongonui i roto i ngā hua tiaki kiri ārai-pakeketanga, nā te mea ka taea e ōna mekameka peptide iti te uru ki roto i te stratum corneum me te whakaoho i te hanganga collagen i roto i ngā fibroblasts kiri. Ka whakaitihia ngā kita, ka whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te kiri, ā, ka whakarei ake i te mahi ārai (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  5. Haumaru me ngā Whakaaroaro

  E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ngā pūmua e toru he haumaru (GRAS) e te FDA me te EFSA. Heoi, me karohia e ngā kaihoko he mate pāwera ki ngā hua kararehe (hei tauira, te mīti kau, te poaka, te ika). Mō ngā kaihoko halal me te kosher, kei te wātea te gelatin i ahu mai i ngā puna whakaaetia (hei tauira, te gelatin ika mō te halal). Hei tāpiri, ko te kounga o ngā hua collagen e whakawhirinaki ana ki te puna, te tikanga tango, me te tohatoha taumaha ngota - me whiriwhiri e ngā kaihoko ngā hua mai i ngā kaihanga rongonui me ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau tuatoru.

  6. Whakamutunga

  He rerekē ngā momo matū o te korāna, te tiakarete, me te korāna kua wairākautia, ā, he ahurei ō rātou hanganga me ā rātou mahi. He tino pai te korāna taketake mō ngā tono hanganga, he mea nui te tiakarete mō ōna āhuatanga whakapūpū i roto i te kai me ngā rongoā, ā, koramine waikura He mea nui tēnei mō tōna waatea koiora nui me ōna painga hauora i roto i ngā tāpiringa me te tiaki kiri. Mā te mārama ki ō rātou rerekētanga ka taea te whakamahi tika i roto i ngā ahumahi me ngā kōwhiringa whai whakaaro a te kaihoko. Tērā pea ka arotahi ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei ki te whakawhanake i ngā huarahi kē atu e ahu mai ana i ngā tipu, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te tango, me te tūhura i ngā tono hou i roto i te kai whaiaro me te rongoā whakaora.