Nkọwa na Ojiji nke Collagen, Gelatin, na Collagen Hydrolyzed

kolajen,jelatin, na collagen a gbazere n'ime mmiri Ha bụ ihe ndị sitere na protein nwere njikọ chiri anya nwere njirimara nhazi na arụmọrụ dị iche iche, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na nri, ọgwụ, ihe ịchọ mma, na nutraceutica.l ụlọ ọrụ. Isiokwu a na-atụnyere usoro nhazi molekul ha, usoro mmepụta ha, na ọrụ ndị dị mkpa n'usoro, na-enyocha ojiji ha na nkwalite ahụike, Mmepụta Nri, na nlekọta akpụkpọ ahụ, ma na-enye nghọta maka nhọrọ ezi uche dị na ya dabere na ikpe ojiji kpọmkwem. Site n'ịkọwapụta echiche na-ezighi ezi a na-ahụkarị na ịkọwapụta ihe akaebe sayensị, ọrụ a na-eje ozi dị ka nduzi zuru oke maka ndị nchọpụta, ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ, na ndị ahịa na-achọ ịghọta protein ndị a dị iche iche.

1. Okwu Mmalite

Collagen bụ protein kachasị nwee eriri afọ na matrix extracellular nke anụmanụ, nke na-eme 25–30% nke protein zuru oke n'ahụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịnọgide na-enwe nhazi nke akpụkpọ ahụ, ọkpụkpụ, nkwonkwo, akwara, na anụ ahụ njikọ (Ricard-Blum, 2011). jelatin nacollagen a gbazere n'ime mmiri A na-enweta ha site na collagen site na nhazi a na-achịkwa, na-ejigide profaịlụ amino acid dị mkpa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, glycine, proline, hydroxyproline) ebe ha na-egosipụta ihe ndị a na-ahụ na kemịkalụ agbanwere agbanwe. N'agbanyeghị na ha si n'otu ebe, ihe atọ a dị iche na ibu molekul, ịgbaze, na ọrụ, na-eduga n'ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ. Ka mmasị ndị ahịa na-abawanye na ihe ndị sitere n'okike, ngwaahịa ndị na-egbochi ịka nká, na nri ndị na-arụ ọrụ, ịghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti collagen, gelatin, na hydrolyzed collagen aghọwo ihe dị mkpa maka mmepe ngwaahịa na oriri mara mma.

2. Njirimara Nhazi na Usoro Mmepụta

2.1 Kọlajini

• Ọdịdị molekụla: Native collagen nwere usoro triple-helix nke e ji polypeptide chain atọ (α-chain) mee site na njikọ hydrogen. Agbụ nke ọ bụla nwere usoro Gly-XY ugboro ugboro (X na-abụkarị proline, Y bụ hydroxyproline), nke na-eme ka helix kwụsie ike ma na-enye aka na ike nrụgide nke collagen (Brodsky & Shah, 2016). Ibu molekul nke collagen sitere na 300 kDa ruo 400 kDa, na-eme ka ọ ghara ịgbaze na mmiri na ọtụtụ ihe mgbaze organic.
• Isi mmalite na mwepụta: A na-esi na ihe anụmanụ ndị dị ka akpụkpọ ehi, akpụkpọ anụ ezi, akpịrị azụ̀, na ụkwụ ọkụkọ apụta collagen. Usoro mwepụta ya gụnyere iwepụ mmanụ, iwepụ mineralization, na ọgwụgwọ acid/alkaline iji wepụ protein ndị na-abụghị collagenous, wee emesịa mmiri ozuzo na nhicha iji nweta collagen n'ụdị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ gel (Li et al., 2020).

2.2 Gelatin

• Ọdịdị molekụla: A na-emepụta Gelatin site na hydrolysis nke collagen, nke na-agbaji nhazi triple-helix ka ọ bụrụ agbụ polypeptide a gbakọtara agwakọta na-enweghị usoro. Ibu molekul ya sitere na 10 kDa ruo 100 kDa, yana nkesa sara mbara ma e jiri ya tụnyere collagen nkịtị. Gelatin na-ejigide usoro Gly-XY mana enweghị helix triple nke enyere iwu, na-eme ka ọ nwee ike ịmepụta netwọk gel nke nwere ike ịgbanwe agbanwe mgbe ọ jụrụ oyi (Zhang et al., 2018).
• Usoro Mmepụta: Imepụta gelatin gụnyere ụzọ abụọ bụ isi: acid hydrolysis (ụdị A gelatin) na alkaline hydrolysis (ụdị B gelatin). A na-eji acid hydrolysis eme ihe maka collagen sitere na akpụkpọ anụ ezi, ebe alkaline hydrolysis dabara adaba maka akpụkpọ anụ ehi na ọkpụkpụ. Mgbe hydrolysis gasịrị, a na-asacha ihe ngwọta ahụ, tinye ya n'ime ya, ma fesa ya ka ọ kpọọ nkụ iji mepụta ntụ ntụ gelatin. A na-achịkwa ogo hydrolysis iji kwado ike gelling, viscosity, na mgbaze (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  
  

  2.3 Collagen a gbazere agbaze

  • Ọdịdị molekụla: Collagen a na-akpọkwa collagen peptides ma ọ bụ collagen hydrolysate) na-enweta hydrolysis ọzọ nke enzyme ma ọ bụ acid hydrolysis jelatin, na-ebute obere peptide agbụ ígwè nwere ibu molekul nke 1 kDa ruo 10 kDa. Peptides ndị a dị mkpụmkpụ na-agbaze na mmiri n'oge okpomọkụ niile ma ha anaghị emepụta gel, ebe ọ bụ na nha molekul ha pere mpe nke na ha agaghị enwe ike ịmepụta netwọk kwụsiri ike (Pei et al., 2019).
  • Usoro Mmepụta: E tinyere collagen n'ime hydrolyzed A na-emepụtakarị gelatin site na iji enzymes proteolytic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, trypsin, pepsin) ma ọ bụ asịd siri ike gwọọ, wee jiri ultrafiltration kewaa peptides site na ibu molekul. Usoro a na-eme ka o kwe omume na enwere ike ịnweta bioavailability dị elu, ebe ọ bụ na obere peptides nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ngwa ngwa na eriri afọ na-enweghị mgbaze ọzọ (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  3. Isi Ihe Dị Iche n'Ọrụ

  Akụ na ụba	Kọlajiin	Gelatin	Collagen a gbazere agbaze
  Mmiri na-agbaze	Mmiri anaghị agbaze (okpomọkụ ụlọ)	Na-agbaze n'ime mmiri ọkụ; ọ na-emepụta jel mgbe ọ jụrụ oyi	Na-agbaze n'ime mmiri (ọkụ/oyi)
  Ibu Molekụla	300–400 kDa	10–100 kDa	1–10 kDa
  Ọdịdị	Helix atọ	eriri igwe na-enweghị usoro	Peptides dị mkpụmkpụ (enweghị helix)
  Ngwongwo Gelling	Mba	Ee (ọ ga-ekwe omume)	Mba
  Ọdịdị dị ndụ	Obere (chọrọ nri)	Nke dị n'etiti	Oke (ntinye ngwa ngwa)
  Nkwụsi Ike nke Okpomọkụ	Denatures na 60–70°C	Denatures na 30–40°C (gbazee)	Iguzosi ike n'ọtụtụ okpomọkụ

   

  4. Ngwa

  4.1 Ahụike na Nri

  • Kọlajiin: N'ihi obere mmiri ya na enweghị ike ịgbaze na bioavailability ya, a naghị eji collagen nke obodo eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri. Kama nke ahụ, a na-eji ya na ngwaọrụ ahụike dịka ihe mkpuchi ọnya, ihe owuwu anụ ahụ, na sistemụ nnyefe ọgwụ, na-eji biocompatibility na nkwado nhazi ya eme ihe (Lee et al., 2021).
  • Gelatin: Dịka ihe mgbakwunye nri, jelatin na-enye amino acid ndị na-akwado ahụike afọ, ịdị mma ụra (site na glycine), na metabolism ọkpụkpụ. A na-ejikwa ya na usoro ọgwụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, kapsụl, mbadamba) dị ka ihe na-ejikọ ma na-agbaze (Khan et al., 2016).
  • Collagen a gbazere agbaze: Ụdị kachasị eji eme ihe na mgbakwunye, a na-egosi na collagen hydrolyzed na-akwado ahụike nkwonkwo site na ibelata ihe mgbu na ime ka mmegharị ahụ ka mma (Veronese et al., 2019). Ọ na-emekwa ka mmiri akpụkpọ ahụ, ike ya, na njikọ collagen dịkwuo mma, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na mgbakwunye mgbochi ịka nká. Na mgbakwunye, a na-eji ya na nri egwuregwu iji kwalite mgbake akwara ma belata mbufụt nke mmega ahụ kpatara (Zdzieblik et al., 2015).

   

  4.2 Ụlọ ọrụ nri

  • KọlajiinA na-eji ya eme ihe n'anụ e ji aka sie (dịka ọmụmaatụ, soseji, hot dog) iji mee ka udidi na nchekwa mmiri ka mma. A na-etinyekwa ya na ngwaahịa azụ̀ iji mee ka ọ sie ike (Liu et al., 2018).
  • GelatinA na-eji gelatin eme ihe dị iche iche maka nri, ọ na-emepụta jellies, marshmallows, gummy candies, na yogọt, na-enye ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ dị nro, na-eme ka ọ sie ike, ma na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe na ngwaahịa achịcha iji melite ike mgwakota agwa na ndụ nchekwa (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2012).
  • Collagen a gbazere agbaze: A na-etinye ya na nri ndị bara uru dịka ihe oriri protein, ihe ọṅụṅụ smoothies, na ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị a na-esi ike maka oke protein na mmiri ara ehi. Ọ naghị agbanwe ụtọ ma ọ bụ udidi nke nri, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ sie ike (Pei et al., 2019).

  4.3 Ihe ịchọ mma na nlekọta akpụkpọ ahụ

  • KọlajiinA na-eji ya eme ude, serum, na ihe mkpuchi ihu iji mee ka akpụkpọ ahụ sie ike ma belata wrinkles. Agbanyeghị, nnukwu nha molekul ya na-egbochi ịbanye n'ime akwa akpụkpọ ahụ dị omimi, yabụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro (Schmidt & Schumann, 2017).
  • Gelatin: A na-etinye ya na ihe mkpuchi ihu na ihe mkpuchi ahụ maka ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha ma na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dị mma ruo nwa oge (Zhang et al., 2018).
  • Collagen a gbazere agbaze: Ihe a na-ahụkarị na ngwaahịa nlekọta akpụkpọ ahụ na-egbochi ịka nká, ebe ọ bụ na obere agbụ peptide ya nwere ike ịbanye n'ime stratum corneum ma kpalite njikọ collagen na fibroblasts akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọ na-ebelata wrinkles, na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dịkwuo mma, ma na-eme ka ọrụ mgbochi dịkwuo mma (Jongjareonrak et al., 2014).
  5. Nchekwa na Ntụle

  FDA na EFSA na-amata protein atọ a dị ka ihe dị nchebe (GRAS). Agbanyeghị, ndị na-azụ ahịa nwere nfụkasị ahụ na ngwaahịa anụmanụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, anụ ehi, anụ ezi, azụ) kwesịrị izere ha. Maka ndị na-azụ ahịa halal na kosher, gelatin sitere na isi mmalite ndị a kwadoro (dịka ọmụmaatụ, gelatin azụ maka halal). Na mgbakwunye, ịdị mma nke ngwaahịa collagen dabere na isi mmalite, usoro mwepụta, na nkesa ibu molekul - ndị na-azụ ahịa kwesịrị ịhọrọ ngwaahịa sitere na ndị nrụpụta a ma ama nwere asambodo nnwale nke ndị ọzọ.

  6. Mmechi

  Collagen, gelatin, na hydrolyzed collagen bụ ihe ndị e si n'ime ya mepụta, ha nwere nhazi na ọrụ pụrụ iche. Collagen nke obodo na-eme nke ọma n'ihe gbasara nhazi, a na-ejikwa gelatin eme ihe maka ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mma na nri na ọgwụ, nakwa maka ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mma. collagen a gbazere n'ime mmiri Ọ pụtara ìhè maka oke bioavailability ya na uru ahụike ya na mgbakwunye na nlekọta akpụkpọ ahụ. Ịghọta ọdịiche ha na-enye ohere maka ojiji ezubere iche na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na nhọrọ ndị ahịa nwere ọgụgụ isi. Nnyocha n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ilekwasị anya n'ịmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ dabere na osisi, imeziwanye arụmọrụ mwepụta, na ịchọpụta ngwa ọhụrụ na nri ahaziri ahazi na ọgwụ mmeghari ohuru.